As of 5 January, the majority of combat clashes are taking place in Russia’s Kursk Oblast, with 42 battles recorded and 12 ongoing. Ukrainian forces are holding their positions and repelling numerous Russian attacks on multiple fronts, including in Sumy, Chernihiv, Kharkiv, Kupiansk, Lyman, Siversk, Kramatorsk, Toretsk, Pokrovsk, Kurakhove, Vremivka, Orikhiv and Kursk Oblast. Russian forces have conducted airstrikes, launched artillery shells and unguided rockets, and made numerous attempts to push Ukrainian defenders from their positions. Ukrainian defenders have repelled many of these attacks and are still holding their positions.